Nanar Journal for Humanities and Social Scienes
Nanar Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal
Consideration for Payment and Its Effect on the Principle of Independence of Signatures
This research addresses the topic of the provision of funds (consideration) and its impact on the principle of independence of signatures in commercial papers, within the framework of the Iraqi Commercial Law No. 30 of 1984, with a comparative reference to Lebanese law. The importance of this topic lies in its strong connection to the stability and reliability of commercial transactions, as commercial papers serve as essential instruments of payment and credit, effectively substituting cash in commercial dealings. The study begins by clarifying the concept of commercial papers in terms of their definition, characteristics, and types. Commercial papers are defined as formal written instruments that embody an obligation to pay a specified sum of money at a determined time, and they are characterized by their negotiability and ease of transfer. The research also highlights the main types of commercial papers: bill of exchange, promissory note, and cheque, explaining the legal differences and functional roles of each. The research then examines the concept of provision of funds (consideration), which refers to the underlying debt or financial coverage that exists between the drawer and the drawee, forming the basis for issuing the commercial paper. This provision represents a practical guarantee for payment, especially in the bill of exchange and cheque. In cheques, the provision must exist at the time of issuance, while in bills of exchange it is sufficient for it to exist at the maturity date. On the other hand, the study analyzes the principle of independence of signatures, which means that each signature on a commercial paper creates a separate and independent legal obligation. Consequently, the invalidity or defect of one signature does not affect the validity of the obligations of other signatories. This principle aims to protect good-faith holders and ensure the stability and security of commercial transactions. The research concludes that the relationship between the provision of funds and the independence of signatures is a complementary one. While the existence of provision of funds strengthens the likelihood of payment, it does not legally affect the independence of signatures. Even in the absence of such provision, the obligations arising from valid signatures remain enforceable. However, the absence of provision may lead to practical disputes without undermining the formal validity of the commercial paper. Finally, the study emphasizes the importance of maintaining both the availability of provision of funds and the application of the independence of signatures principle to achieve legal certainty and economic stability in commercial transactions.
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أثر التغذية الراجعة الفورية على أداء تلميذات الصف السادس الابتدائي في مادة العلوم
The study examined the effectiveness of immediate feedback in improving sixth grade pupils performance and accuracy in solving science assignments. A quasi-experimental design was applied to a sample of 30 female pupils at Al-Hudiabiya Primary School for Girls, affiliated with General Directorate Education in Babil province during the academic year 2024-2025.The study tested hypotheses related to the effect of immediate feedback on pupils performance and the correlation with classroom participation, assignment completion time and the amount of improvement. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (20) item-achievement test. Analysis included paired samples t-test, Pearson correlations and simple linear regression. The results showed that immediate feedback effectively improved sixth grade pupils performance in science. The mean score increased from 10.47 (pre-test) to 15.07(post-test). A paired samples t-test showed a statistically significant difference the two means ( t= 21.14 , p < 0.0001) , indicating an average gain of 4.6 points. A strong positive correlation was also found between the number of class participations and the amount of improvement (r = 0.7332). The regression model indicated that each additional participation was associated with a 0.52 points increase in achievement. In contrast, a strong negative correlation was found between assignment completion time and the amount of improvement (r = -0.7413), suggesting that each additional minute of assignment completion time was associated with a decrease of approximately 0.19 point in improvement. This indicates an inverse correlation between the two variables, reflecting a behavioral pattern that reflects differences in students' proficiency and performance within an active learning environment. Furthermore, a very strong negative correlation was recorded between the number of class participations and assignment completion time (r = -0.9659), This finding suggests that greater classroom interaction significantly reduces assignment completion time, highlighting the role of immediate feedback in enhancing task efficiency through improved understanding. These results confirm the effectiveness of immediate feedback in improving academic achievement and highlight the importance of integrating it into an active classroom environment that supports interactive learning and positive learning behaviors.
Immediate feedback; student performance; science; class participation; homework completion time.
Sentences That Have a Syntactic Position in the Short Surahs
The levels of Qur’anic discourse are numerous, all aiming to convey meanings to the recipient through the Qur’anic text, which is a discourse with multiple aspects and possibilities, whether from a religious or worldly perspective. God Almighty expressed this discourse through a set of sentences that appear in the short surahs, and these surahs have various general and specific topics, which we cannot mention all here due to space constraints. However, we decided that the title of this research would be “Sentences That Have a Syntactic Position in the Short Surahs.” We began with an introduction, then divided the research into two sections. In the first section, we discussed the sentence in general, that is, its definition according to both ancient and modern grammarians, their detailed discussions on the matter, and whether, in their view, there is agreement or disagreement between the term’s “speech” and “sentence.” We also discussed the types of sentences from various perspectives. After that came the second section, which included the practical aspect, namely the parsing of sentences that have a syntactic position in the short surahs. We elaborated on this and mentioned different opinions of grammarians and interpreters regarding various aspects. Then came the conclusion, which included the most important results of this research, followed by the list of sources and references we relied upon.
Asst. Lect. Sajaa Shihab Hameed Aboud Al-Zuwaini
Propaganda Content on the Russian Sputnik Website During the Russo-Ukrainian Crisis
Propaganda Content on the Russian Sputnik Website During the Russia–Ukraine Crisis His study explores the propaganda content directed at Ukraine through electronic media platforms, with a specific focus on the Arabic-language version of the Russian news website Sputnik. The significance of this research lies in its aim to identify and analyze the nature of Russian propaganda messages and the mechanisms through which digital media is employed to influence public opinion during international crises. The study examines the types of content disseminated by Sputnik throughout the Russia–Ukraine crisis, highlighting the strategies used by Russian media to justify the Kremlin's policies and construct a favorable image of Russia, while simultaneously distorting the image of the Ukrainian government and its Western allies. The analysis reveals that the website employed several propaganda techniques, including portraying Russia as a victim of Western hegemony, emphasizing the “liberation” of separatist regions such as Donbas, and utilizing emotionally charged language with terms like “neo-Nazism” and “persecution of Russian speakers.” It also marginalized the Ukrainian narrative and amplified the Russian viewpoint. Furthermore, the findings show that Sputnik played a key role in disseminating targeted messages via digital platforms, taking advantage of modern journalistic tools and field reports to shape media discourse in line with Russian political agendas. The study concludes that Sputnik represents a model of state-directed propaganda media, using the digital information space to disseminate strategic content as part of an ongoing information warfare campaign serving Russia’s geopolitical interests..
Manifestations of Humanism in the Poetry of Hamid Al-Harizi; (An Analytical Study)
This study aims to analyze the manifestations of the humanistic tendency in the poetry of the Iraqi poet Hamid Al-Harizi, through a critical approach based on analytical methodology, in order to uncover the key humanistic themes that occupy a significant space within the structure of his poetic texts. The importance of this research stems from the need to shed light on a poetic experience that has not yet received the scholarly attention it deserves—despite its intellectual richness, emotional depth, and engagement with human concerns on both local and global levels. The study concludes that the humanistic tendency in Al-Harizi's poetry is not limited to emotional expression or calls for peace, but rather emerges as an epistemological and aesthetic vision that reflects an existential stance toward the world and reality, born from a deep awareness of human suffering and aspirations. This tendency is evident across multiple levels, including: positions on war and social injustice, defense of the poor and marginalized, belief in freedom and human dignity, and rejection of all forms of tyranny. The linguistic and imagistic analysis of the selected texts reveals that the poet employs a variety of rhetorical techniques to express his humanistic perspective—such as religious and symbolic intertextuality, dense metaphors, and rhythmic structures that serve emotional expression. These techniques lend his poetic experience a distinctive artistic character that matches the depth of its content and reflects his profound engagement with human issues in their various dimensions. This research constitutes a valuable contribution to critical studies concerned with modern Iraqi poetry, by focusing on the humanistic dimension in the work of a contemporary poet who has not yet been sufficiently explored by literary criticism.
Asst. Lect. Ghanim Ahsooni Makroud Al-Miyali
Islamic Creed and its Impact on Human Behavior versus the "Religion of Conscience" in the West
Human behavior deals with the relationship between a person's religious or intellectual beliefs and the extent to which those beliefs influence their daily actions, versus freedom of conscience as a human value that enables them to make decisions independently. Individual conscience has been considered an alternative to religious legislation and a primary source of moral behavior and individual autonomy in modern Western thought. Amidst the decline of secularism and the failure of Western theories, Europe has been unable to exclude religion from life. Therefore, Western philosophers have turned to discussing post-secular society to create a space for dialogue and coexistence between the religious and the secular, utilizing the moral values advocated by religions as a solution to many issues raised by Western modernity, whether scientific or societal. However, the religion called for by philosophers in a post-secular society is a secularized religion; the required religiosity and religion are tailored to a specific measure.
Algorithmic Absurdism: Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead and the Age of Digital Inscrutability
This article examines Tom Stoppard’s Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966) through the lens of digital culture and algorithmic governance, arguing that the play’s historical narrative strategies reflect today’s “algorithmic absurdism.” Many of the absurdist moves that critics have traditionally read as characteristic of the postwar European aesthetic, existentialist complications of subjectivity and metatheatrical reflexivity, resonate in the contemporary digital moment, whereby individual users navigate opaque, unpredictable systems. Through comparative attention to the play and digital structures, I articulate a continuity between two seemingly separate loci of contemporary existence, highlighting algorithmic governance’s perceived illegibility to underscore the absurdist legacy of Martin Esslin’s Theatre of the Absurd and Albert Camus’s philosophy. While scholars have extensively analyzed the play through existentialist and metatheatrical frameworks, no study has systematically connected its absurdist features to algorithmic control, identity fragmentation, and systemic powerlessness. This gap forms the central research problem. The paper identifies four formal elements that map onto contemporary digital experiences of waiting: ninety‑two consecutive coin tosses (as a metaphor for black‑box decision making), the collapse of language (as a model of fragmented digital identity), the sealed letter (as a figure of unaccountable authority), and the Player’s performative agency (as a precursor to performative assembly). The method combines a close reading of Stoppard’s text with a deductive typology derived from Camus’s theory of the absurd and Safiya Noble’s critique of algorithmic oppression. The analysis demonstrates that the play’s depiction of passive waiting, enforced opacity, and the erosion of agency maps directly onto the experiences of users navigating search engines, social media feeds, and automated decision systems. By contrast, the Player’s theatrical resistance gestures toward a form of collective, embodied action that Noble later calls “the right to become anonymous.” Ultimately, Stoppard’s play captures the nuances of the absurdist legacy in the age of algorithmic governance, wherein the discourse of reason is corrupted, rendering the consequences of power unaccountable.
The Andalusian Influence on Latin American Literature (A Historical and Literary Study)
In this research, we discuss the effective role of the Andalusian Emirate in literature and history, and its impact on the scientific, literary and historical life of Latin America. After the discovery of the American continent by the Portuguese, peoples flocked to the American continent, bringing with them their civilization and heritage on all levels, which led to the influence and impact between the two peoples. The greatest influence of the Andalusians was as they were the owners of a civilization that extended over a long period of time, so they left us a heritage and civilization in various fields, from literature, history, customs, and other things. They had the greatest influence on the peoples of Latin America, who were influenced by the Andalusian civilization, and therefore we found among them poets, writers, and historians who wrote a heritage in which they imitated the heritage of Andalusia, so they brought to mind in their writings the stories of Andalusian love and romance. They wrote about kings, and described the Andalusian cities with their picturesque nature in an accurate manner. They included in their poems Andalusian figures, including poets, kings, and philosophers, and their mastery of the art of architecture and descriptions of mosques and palaces. Therefore, this research came to study the extent to which the peoples of Latin America were influenced by Andalusian civilization
The Effectiveness of Using the Generative Learning Model in Acquiring Physics concepts and Developing Probing Thinking Among Fourth-Grade Scientific Branch students
The study aims to identify the effectiveness of the Generative Learning Model in acquiring physics concepts and developing probing thinking among fourth –grade scientific branch students. To achieve the study's objectives، an experimental approach is employed using two groups (experimental and control). The sample size consists of (70) students، (36) students in the experimental group and (34) in the control group. The experimental group is taught according to the Generative Learning model، while the control group is taught using the conventional method. The research instruments consist of a physics concepts acquisition test comprising (30) items and a probing thinking scale consisting of (45) items. After applying the research instruments and utilizing statistical methods 9t-test for two unequal independent samples and Cohens d formula for measuring effect size)، the results indicate a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the physics concepts acquisition test as a while،in favor of the experimental group . The independent variable shows a (large) effect size for the overall test and for the levels of (comprehension، application، analysis، synthesis and evaluation)، while a (small) effect size was recorded for the knowledge (recall) level. furthermore، the results reveal a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the probing thinking scale، in favor of the experimental group. A (large) effect size for the independent variable is observed in the probing thinking scale as a whole and the domains of (concept comprehension and information interpretation) While a (medium) effect size was found in the domain of (application of principles). The results also indicate a positive correlation with a (high) confidence level between the physics concepts acquisition test and the probing thinking scale among the experimental group students، while a positive but (weak confidence level correlation was found among the control group students
The Time That is Not Time: Slavery, Repetition, and the Unclaimed Experience in Toni Morrison’s Beloved
To highlight Toni Morrison's novel Beloved (1987), this paper adapts Cathy Caruth's psychoanalytically inflected trauma theory. Accordingly, the researcher contends that the playwright's employment of fragmented language, the storytelling and thematic structures of the novel, and the nostalgia for the cruel past act as a literary manifestation of the horrible experience as enunciated by Caruth. Take Caruth’s notion of the "unclaimed experience,” which suggests that trauma constantly happens in the future, into consideration, the analysis vividly reveals how the character of Beloved portrays the compulsive repetition of the psychological impact resulting from slavery. The theoretical section reveals Caruth's purpose to uncover the moot point between fright and fear and the aftermath consequences. In the same vein, she struggles to explain the negative impact of slavery on the psyche's "protective shield." Polemical reading of the novel and sheds light on its characters represented by Sethe, Paul D, and Denver, the current research shows how Morrison’s narrative compels the reader into the ethical standpoint of a witness, forcing a battle with a history that "arises where immediate understanding may not". The discussion further incorporates the opinions of other prominent trauma theorists, such as Dominick LaCapra, to emphasize the novel's crucial function in expressing the paradox of historical and trans-generational trauma and the need for group work to survive.
"Causes of Nullity in the Marriage Contract: A Legal and Jurisprudential Study"
The principle of the validity of contracts is a firmly established foundation in Islamic jurisprudence and law. Accordingly, neither contracting party may unilaterally invalidate a contract once its essential elements and conditions have been met. However, a marriage contract violates this principle if one of the essential conditions is absent, rendering it void, as its continuation contravenes the provisions of Islamic law and positive law. Despite this invalidity, a marriage contract—whether valid or void—produces binding legal effects. This is because a marriage contract is a contract of profound impact, immense importance, and great wisdom, as it embodies sacred sanctities and entails familial and social responsibilities. It also produces essential material and moral consequences, including maintenance, dowry, lineage, and the rights and obligations between the spouses. Consequently, both Islamic law and legal necessity require exercising caution in concluding, proving, and officially registering a marriage contract properly, to avoid its invalidity or voidability. The grounds for the annulment of a marriage contract are numerous and vary according to their nature and source. These include: lack of legal capacity, absence of a guardian, multiple prohibited degrees of kinship, illicit purpose, and violation of public order. Therefore, it is clear that the grounds for the annulment of a marriage contract are many and complex, necessitating a thorough analytical and classificatory study of each ground and its legal implications
marriage contract, annulment, legal implications, essential conditions, prohibitions of marriage, public order
The Effect of the Voting Points Strategy on the Achievement of Fifth-Grade Literary Stream Female Students in Rhetoric
The current research aims to investigate the effect of the "Voting Points Strategy" on the academic achievement of 5th-grade Literary Stream female students in the subject of Rhetoric. The researcher adopted an experimental methodology, selecting a sample of 64 female students from the 5th-grade Literary Stream at public day schools in Babil Governorate. The researcher established equivalence between the two research groups—the experimental and the control groups—across several variables, including chronological age, previous academic year's grades, and a pre-test of prior knowledge. The instructional material covered four topics drawn from the prescribed Rhetoric textbook for 5th-grade Literary Stream students. The researcher formulated behavioral objectives and prepared model lesson plans for each of the topics designated for the experiment. Furthermore, the researcher developed an achievement test for the Rhetoric subject, consisting of a single question comprising 40 items. Data analysis was conducted using appropriate statistical methods. The results indicated that the students in the experimental group outperformed those in the control group. Consequently, the researcher concluded that this strategy aligns with the requirements of modern education and scientific advancements; it fosters a dynamic classroom atmosphere among students, stimulates their interest in the lesson, and represents a modern pedagogical approach that cultivates a love for comprehension, understanding, and application within the subject of Rhetoric. The researcher recommended that teachers—both male and female—familiarize themselves with modern teaching methods, as this helps elevate students' academic achievement levels, transforms Rhetoric into a subject students enjoy—thereby leading to their excellence in it—and enhances the role of instructional aids in highlighting the significance of the Arabic language in the students' minds. Finally, the researcher proposes conducting studies similar to the current one across all academic subjects and for students at the intermediate educational level.
Effect, Voting Points Strategy, Achievement, Rhetoric, 5th Grade Literary Stream.
The Effect of Using Interactive Educational Media on Improving the Quality of Learning and Developing Critical Thinking and Self-Learning among Geography Department Students in the General Teaching Methods Course.
This study aims to identify the effect of using interactive educational multimedia on improving the quality of learning among Geography Department students in the General Teaching Methods course at the College of Basic Education, University of Babylon. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach. A questionnaire consisting of 15 items based on a five-point Likert scale was administered to a sample of 80 students. The validity of the instrument was verified through face validity and content validity. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s Alpha, which reached (0.89), indicating high reliability. The results showed that the overall mean score of the questionnaire was (4.05) with a standard deviation of (0.60), representing a high level. The One-Sample T-Test revealed statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) in favor of the actual mean, indicating a positive effect of interactive multimedia on improving the quality of learning. The findings concluded that interactive educational media enhance students’ understanding, link theoretical knowledge with practical application, and develop critical thinking and learning motivation. The study recommends expanding the use of interactive multimedia in higher education and providing adequate training for faculty members to ensure effective implementation.
Interactive Educational Multimedia, Learning Quality, Classroom Interaction, Critical Thinking, Self-directed Learning
Asst. Lect. Karrar Hussein Kazem Al-Maamouri
ing to the Legal and Ethical Frameworks of Iraqi Legislation
This study examines the regulation of television commercial advertising for consumer protection in Iraq within the legal and ethical frameworks in force, in an effort to strike a balance between market freedom and the responsibility to safeguard the rights of the recipient. In her study, the researcher relied on the descriptive-analytical approach with content analysis of an intentional sample consisting of (30) advertisements broadcast on five Iraqi satellite channels: (Al-Iraqiya, Al-Sharqiya, Al-Sumaria, Dijla, and Al-Furat) during the period from 2020 to 2024, in addition to semi-structured interviews with 10 experts from different disciplines, including in law and media, as well as conducting a comparative legal analysis of the relevant legislation. The researcher used SPSS software to memorize the results of the research in order to extract the frequencies, ratios, averages, and Cronbach's alpha stability coefficient. The results showed a moderate legal commitment with a percentage of (68%), which shows a lack of disclosure of the advertiser and marketing exaggerations, in contrast to a higher ethical commitment with a percentage of (75%), where it was found that there is respect for religious and social values, and avoiding the direct exploitation of vulnerable groups. At the communication level, the clarity of the message stood out (83%), and the quality of the audio-visual output (85%), while the trust in the source remained only (68%), which is less than hoped. The comparative analysis with the literature showed that the current study is unique in integrating the legal and ethical dimensions into a local applied model, and the study also concluded with a recommendation for legislation on advertising, a national charter of advertising ethics, and the unification of the regulatory reference, complaints mechanisms, and consumer education.
التنظيم، الإعلان التجاري، ماية المستهلك، التلفزيون.
The Experience of the Theater of the Oppressed and its Reflections in Iraq
The Theater of the Oppressed is one of the most prominent types of theaters that emerged according to the theories of its founder Augusto Boal, due to the new ideas it carries that made the theater take a sharp turn in its history. Accordingly, the research came in four chapters. The first chapter contained the methodological framework, which included the research problem, the importance of the research, the need for it, the aim of the research, the limits of the research, and the definition of some of the terms mentioned in the title. As for the chapter, it contained the theoretical framework and included two topics: The first topic / Sources of intellectual influence in the experience of Augusto Boal, the second topic / Types of theaters in the Theater of the Oppressed. The chapter concluded with a set of indicators. As for the third chapter, it was procedural and included the research community, the research sample, the research tool, the research methodology, and the sample analysis. As for the fourth chapter, it contained the results and conclusions of the research.
Experience - Theater of the Oppressed - Iraqi Theater.
Asst. Lect. Hussein Jawad Jassim Al-Jamil
Scholars and Sectarian Strife in Iraq during the Buyid Era Supporters Opponents and the Persecuted
From the above, it becomes clear that the Buyid era went through periods of political, economic, and social instability. These conditions had a significant and noticeable impact on the general state of the country. Among these adverse circumstances, sectarian strife emerged as an unprecedented event in the country, marking a distinctive feature of that era. This is because the Islamic society was unfamiliar with such divisions, which were entirely new to them at the time. People’s positions on these conflicts were divided between supporters and opponents. Some encouraged and fueled these strifes with power, including certain scholars and ignorant individuals, such as the street fighters and vagabonds. Others opposed them and worked to combat these disputes with wisdom and good counsel, making sincere efforts to prevent the strife. Among these were scholars and thinkers. One of the key reasons for these issues was the religious openness introduced by the Buyids, which neither the prominent political figures nor the public could handle. The Buyids permitted the establishment of mourning rituals, the hanging of black banners in alleys, markets, and public spaces, as well as the holding of celebratory events that had previously been prohibited and unfamiliar. Additionally, the ignorance of the public, along with other reasons mentioned throughout the study, led to shameful acts such as insults, slander, attacks, burning, looting, theft, the desecration of sacred sites, and the exile of individuals—all among people of the same religion, nation, Prophet, and holy book. However, these conflicts did not last long due to the intervention of scholars and wise individuals, whose efforts brought an end to the strife and restored unity among members of the same society
Scholars, Sectarian Conflicts, Iraq, Buyid Period, Doctrinal Tension, Buyid Authority, Religious Persecution.
Review Article Turkish Diplomacy toward the Russo-Ukrainian War (2022–2023)
The importance of this article stems from its focus on the most prominent challenges that have deeply affected the international scene. This war has reshaped the map of alliances and interests in Europe and the world, which has forced regional countries to re-evaluate their foreign policies. In this context, the Turkish position has emerged as a unique model of diplomacy that seeks to maintain balance. Accordingly, this article aims to review and analyze the Turkish position on that war To understand the motivations behind its balanced policy and the limits of its maneuvering, this review aims to analyze the various research trends that have addressed Turkish diplomatic policy towards the Russo-Ukrainian War between 2022–2023, by reviewing the most prominent academic literature on this topic, in an attempt to assess the objectivity of these analyses and identify the intellectual starting points on which they are based, in order to reach a deeper understanding of the dimensions of Turkish foreign policy in light of this pivotal conflict. From here emerged the problem: How did the literature explain the Turkish diplomatic position towards the Russian-Ukrainian war? How balanced and objective are these interpretations in light of the overlap of geopolitical, economic and cultural factors? This article reached a main conclusion through which we found a noticeable difference in the levels of objectivity, criticism and depth of vision. Some studies were highly critical in analysis and methodological rigor, as they focused on what they considered Ankara's duality between its Atlantic alliances and its close relations with Moscow. Others were divided between objective academic voices that highlighted the structural challenges in Turkey's foreign relations Another is closer to the official narrative that justified the Turkish position on the basis of sovereignty and national interests.
Russia, Ukraine, Ukrainian war, Turkey, NATO.
The Impact of Modern Teaching Methods on Developing Educational Values in Islamic Education
Educational values, principles, and attitudes contribute to the development of a balanced and effective personality. They guide individual behavior in ways that serve society and promote positive interaction among its members. These values include moral and religious values such as honesty, trustworthiness, justice, benevolence, and piety; social values related to relationships among individuals and society, such as cooperation, tolerance, respect, and collective responsibility; as well as intellectual and cognitive values associated with critical thinking, curiosity, accuracy, creativity, and problem-solving. Individuals acquire these values through continuous interaction with their surrounding environment. Family, school, religion, and society represent the primary sources for instilling values. The practical application of values through role models and participation in social, cultural, and religious activities provides students with opportunities to practice positive behaviors daily. The importance of modern teaching methods lies in their emphasis on activity, application, and direct interaction between teachers and students. Methods such as practical classroom activities, group discussions, and real-life simulations help reinforce and instill values effectively. They also enhance critical and creative thinking skills and develop the ability to work collaboratively and solve problems. The balanced integration of different types of values with effective teaching methods contributes to the development of a well-rounded personality characterized by moral, social, and intellectual awareness, enabling individuals to face life’s challenges and make sound decisions.
Educational Values, Teaching Methods, Educational Process, Active Learning.
Predicative Structures considering the Generative Transformational Theory (A Practical Study in the Qur’anic Text)
Syntax is one of the fundamental levels upon which modern linguistic research is based. The ancient Arabs addressed it in terms of concept, terminology, and types. De Saussure, the formalists, the functionalists, and the distributions all emphasized its distinction from grammar. This is based on normative principles that must be overcome, despite their importance, demonstrating its linguistic significance. Many have written about syntax in general, which requires extensive exploration, clarification, and analysis. Perhaps the most important of these characteristics is the "generative transformational theory." The most important authors who pointed this out were Dr. Ali Abu al-Makarem in his book "Attributive Structures" and Muhammad Mahmoud in his book "Grammatical Structures in the Light of Modern Linguistics." A number of researchers have addressed this phenomenon and examined grammatical structures. Despite all of this, I have not found anyone who addressed it from the perspective of the generative transformational theory.
structures, attribution, generative, transformational.
Limits of International Protection of the Right to Information Privacy
The world today is witnessing rapid development in the digital revolution of technology and communications. This development has led to the emergence of new concepts that require legal protection, among which is the concept of digital privacy. Digital privacy is considered an integral part of the right to private life, which is one of the most fundamental rights granted to individuals. This has been affirmed by international instruments, most notably the United Nations’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights issued by the General Assembly in 1948, as well as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, which includes provisions consistent with those stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In addition to numerous of other agreements, declarations, and conferences at both the international and regional levels have addressed this matter. With the advancement of digital technology, various forms of the right to digital privacy have emerged in ways that differ from the traditional elements of the right to private life, which were previously almost limited to the inviolability of the home. Consequently, new aspects have appeared, including the privacy of personal data, financial and digital health data, as well as the confidentiality of electronic communications and correspondence, among others. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to shed light on the legal protection of this right within the framework of international agreements and Iraqi legislation. This is particularly important due to the clear and direct violations to which this right is exposed. Despite the provisions of international instruments protecting the right to private life, there remains a noticeable deficiency in certain legislations regarding the specific protection of digital privacy. There is a clear legislative gap within national legal systems, as traditional legal provisions designed to protect the right to private life in general are no longer sufficient to address the electronic violations affecting digital privacy. Nevertheless, the judiciary has played a significant role in ensuring the protection of this right. Finally, it should be noted that this right is not absolute; rather, it is subject to certain restrictions intended to safeguard the interests of both individuals and society. These restrictions may be constitutional or criminal in nature. Most legislations, therefore, limit the abuse of this right and prohibit violations of individuals’ privacy except by judicial authorization.
Asst. Dr. Zaid Mohammed Kazim Al-Husseini
Investigating the Role of EFL University Instructors in Promoting Students’ Performance in Speaking Skill
The aim of this study is to investigate instructors’ role in promoting university students’ performance in speaking. The researcher has adopted the descriptive analytical method. Data has been collected through the means of a questionnaire for a number of 50 university instructors of English language. They were requested to give their opinions on a number of 15 items. The most important results show most of students’ weakness in speaking activities as well as the limit speech time for all of them to speak orally. Results also show students’ shyness from speaking with other students. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends that weak students should be provided with sufficient exercises and also students need to be helped to cope themselves with relevant materials and suitable level of difficulty and easiness. Finally, other topics are suggested for further studies such as difficulties that face first year university students in oral communication and investigating effectiveness of instrumental strategies at improving speaking skill.
The rule of habitual residence is one of the most important connecting factors in private international law, as it helps to determine the place with which a person has a genuine connection, representing the material element of domicile. This criterion takes on particular importance in the absence of the criteria of domicile and nationality, as it is of equal legal weight to them, particularly in matters of legal capacity, which are often governed by personal law in many jurisdictions. Domestication is based on two fundamental elements: residence and settlement. It is a voluntary act that presupposes the existence of a legally valid intention, which means that the intention of a minor or a person lacking legal capacity is insufficient to be taken into account in the choice of domicile, just as with other voluntary acts. The study considers that, for a person with limited legal capacity, the actual place of residence should be given priority over the legal domicile, as their domicile may differ from their actual place of residence; for example, where a minor resides in one country but is considered to have their legal domicile in another, in accordance with Iraqi legislation. The study also concluded that the legal regulation of issues concerning the place of residence remains inadequate, despite the increasing complexity of private international relations, particularly when the place of residence is adopted as a criterion for the protection of persons with limited legal capacity rather than the criteria of domicile and nationality. The study also showed that positive or negative conflicts of laws are less likely to arise when place of residence is adopted, as multiple places of residence often lead to the application of the law of the forum as the law of the place of residence; furthermore, the absence of a place of residence for a person lacking legal capacity is almost inconceivable, even in cases of statelessness or lack of domicile
The Legal foundations of Administrative Authority in Confronting Intellectual Extremism
The past few years have witnessed the growth of a new phenomenon, namely extremism, which has led to a disruption of the blessings of security and safety, this problem is one of the most controversial and interesting issues for elites in the growth of the phenomenon and its transition to new phases and forms. Perhaps it did not exist before, which undermines the accurate analysis of that phenomenon. Intellectual extremism constitutes one of the most prominent contemporary challenges that threaten institutional and societal stability, due to its exclusionary tendencies that disable critical thinking and fuel symbolic or physical violence. In this context, the responsibility of modern management as an organizational and guiding actor capable of prevention and treatment through sound policies, flexible structures and institutional culture. This research aims to analyze the role of management in confronting intellectual extremism, and explain its strategic and executive mechanisms, with a focus on preventive and integrative approaches. Poverty, unemployment, lack of basic services, limited opportunities, especially for young people, the nature of the discourse, feeling of marginalization, inequality, and psychological trauma are all contributing factors to extremism.
The use of Andalusian-style decorations in Andalusian women’s clothing during 138 AH to 366 AH
Andalusian decorations were an essential part of the artistic culture of that period, and were distinctively employed in women's fashion. Geometric shapes such as the eight-pointed star, squares and circles appeared on embroidered and woven fabrics, adding a geometric character that reflects balance and precision. Kufic and Naskh scripts were also used to decorate fashion, as they included religious phrases or poetic passages, and often adorned the edges and front parts of the clothes, adding an artistic and religious touch. Vegetable decorations such as arabesques and palm fans played a prominent role in decorating women's clothing, as they were embroidered in rich colors such as red, gold and green, which added beauty and richness to the clothes. These decorations were inspired by flowers and fruits such as pomegranates, which made the fashions reflect the vitality of Andalusian art.
استراتيجيات ما وراء المعرفة وعلاقتها بالوعي الذاتي لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية في مدارس المتفوقين والمتميزين
The current research aims to identify "metacognitive strategies and their relationship to self-awareness among secondary school students in schools for gifted and talented students." To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive method was used. The research population consisted of (4831) male and female students from secondary schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Babylon Governorate. The research sample consisted of (244) male and female students who were randomly selected. Six schools were chosen (three) from boys' schools and (four) from girls' schools for the academic year (2025-2026). For this purpose, the researcher adopted the (Shoper, 2010) test to measure metacognitive strategies and extracted its statistical indicators. The reliability of the scale was also extracted using the split-half method, and its calculated value reached (0.842). It was also used with Cronbach's alpha equation, and the calculated reliability value reached (0.884), which are two values of high reliability in educational and psychological sciences. Regarding self-awareness, the researcher adopted Al-Budairi's scale (2014). After verifying its face and construct validity, the scale's reliability was established using the split-half method, yielding a calculated value of 0.82. Cronbach's alpha was also used, yielding a calculated value of 0.78. The final versions of the scales consisted of 37 items for metacognitive strategies and 30 items for self-awareness. Data analysis was performed using appropriate statistical methods for the research objectives, employing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) on a computer. The results showed that secondary school students possess metacognitive strategies. Statistically significant differences were found in students' levels of self-awareness. Furthermore, the results indicate a statistically significant correlation between metacognitive strategies and self-awareness among students. This is attributed to the fact that both variables share a common cognitive and psychological foundation: an individual's awareness of their mental processes, behavior, and self-regulation.
The Void Judgmentand Its Effect on Civil Cases
This research examines the concept of the void judgment and its effect on the civil lawsuit, as one of the most delicate issues in civil procedural law due to its serious implications for legal stability and the rights of litigants. A civil lawsuit is considered the primary legal mechanism through which individuals seek judicial protection for violated rights. It is a procedural right that enables the courts to intervene and resolve disputes in accordance with the law. The first part of the study addresses the nature of the civil lawsuit and the conditions for its admissibility, clarifying that the lawsuit is not a substantive right in itself but rather a procedural means to obtain judicial protection. The research explains the essential conditions for accepting a civil lawsuit, namely legal capacity, interest, and proper adversarial standing, all of which are regarded as matters of public order that courts must examine on their own initiative. The absence of any of these conditions leads to the inadmissibility of the lawsuit or the invalidity of its procedures. The second part of the research focuses on the concept of the void judgment and its effects on the civil lawsuit. It reviews the different doctrinal approaches to defining a void judgment, whether material, legal, or mixed. The study concludes that a judgment is considered void when it lacks an essential element of its legal existence, such as being issued by an incompetent authority, rendered by a judge who has lost judicial status, issued in the absence of a genuine adversarial relationship, based on improper service of process, or lacking the judge’s signature. The research further clarifies that a void judgment is deemed legally non-existent; it produces no legal effects, does not acquire res judicata authority, cannot be cured by the passage of time, and may be invoked at any stage. However, the effects of nullity do not necessarily extend to all procedural acts of the lawsuit. Certain evidentiary measures, such as confessions, oaths, and valid investigative procedures, may remain effective if they are sound in themselves, in order to uphold justice and prevent undue harm to the parties. The study concludes with several findings and recommendations, most notably the need for explicit legislative regulation of void judgments within the Iraqi Civil Procedure Law, and the importance of modernizing litigation procedures—particularly service of process and electronic pleadings—in line with legal and technological developments, to strengthen procedural justice and ensure effective protection of rights..
The Employment of Hussaini Rituals in the Arabic Novel:(A Model Study of the Novel "The Bloody Ascension")by Abdullah Al-Miyali
This study aims to explore how Husseini rituals are employed in modern Arabic fiction, with a particular focus on the novel "Al-‘Urooj Al-Dami" (The Bloody Ascension) by Abdullah Al-Mayyali as a case study. Husseini rituals are considered a profound cultural and religious phenomenon that significantly contributes to shaping collective consciousness, making them a rich source for modern Arabic novels that seek to express the experiences and histories of their societies. The research demonstrates that the novel "Al-‘Urooj Al-Dami" utilizes Husseini symbols and events as a narrative framework that bridges religious and humanistic values, highlighting themes of conflict and identity among individuals and groups. It shows how the integration of these rituals enhances the artistic depth of the novel and provides a narrative tool for evoking collective memory and critically analyzing social and political conditions from an innovative literary perspective. A previous study by researcher Mohammed Al-Attar (2018) indicated that modern Arabic literature has benefited from religious rituals as a means to activate narrative structures, emphasizing how religious symbols have been employed to address issues of freedom and identity. This supports the notion that Husseini rituals serve not merely as descriptive elements, but as symbolic tools reflecting historical and social tensions. In conclusion, the research affirms that the use of Husseini rituals in modern Arabic fiction, as exemplified in "Al-‘Urooj Al-Dami", reflects the complex interaction between religion, culture, and politics, and contributes to the evolution of narrative techniques—making it a phenomenon worthy of further study and analysis
The Use of Digital Educational Applications in Developing Teaching Methods for Islamic Studies Courses at the Faculty of Education, Omdurman Islamic University
This study aimed to explore the reality of using digital educational applications in developing teaching methods for Islamic studies courses from the perspective of specialists in educational technology, curricula and teaching methods, and Islamic studies at the Faculty of Education – Omdurman Islamic University. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach due to its effectiveness in examining phenomena as they exist in reality and analyzing them to reach conclusions that contribute to their development. The study population consisted of all faculty members specialized in the aforementioned fields, totaling (47) members. A purposive random sample of (39) members was selected, representing (82.97%) of the total population. To collect data, the researcher used a questionnaire after confirming its validity and reliability. The validity coefficients for all its domains ranged between (0.81) and (0.90), indicating strong reliability and appropriateness for the study objectives. The findings revealed that the “Quran with Tafsir” application was the most widely used in teaching Islamic studies courses, followed by the Quizlet and Kahoot applications, reflecting the importance of interactive and engaging content for students. The results also indicated that the primary benefits of these applications include enhancing teacher-student interaction, ease of content access, and promoting self-directed learning. The main obstacles identified were the lack of teacher training, weak infrastructure, and limited Arabic language support in some applications. Regarding the proposed solutions, recommendations such as professional training for teachers, providing adequate infrastructure, and Arabizing existing applications or developing high-quality Arabic educational apps received strong support from the experts. In light of the findings, the study recommended designing specialized training programs for teachers, improving the technological infrastructure, integrating digital applications into official curricula, and developing culturally and religiously appropriate digital educational tools.
Prof. Dr. Abdel Salam Al-Khider Ibrahim Hassaballah
Prof. Dr. Alish Abdel Rahim Al-Bashir Houri
Digital Journalism and Professional Transformation: An Analytical Study on the Changing Patterns of Arab Journalistic Practice after the Digital Revolution
The global media landscape has witnessed fundamental transformations over the past two decades, altering the very nature of journalistic practice. The digital revolution has reshaped the structure of media work, propelling traditional journalism beyond the constraints of time and place into an open digital space characterized by interactivity, speed, and diverse information sources. Amidst this transformation, artificial intelligence has emerged as a key driver of media development, contributing to advancements in journalistic production tools, data processing, fact-checking, and the reshaping of the relationship between journalists and their audiences. In the Arab world, this transformation has taken on a complex dimension, where technological advancements intersect with the professional, cultural, and institutional challenges facing media organizations. Digital transformation has not been merely a technical process; it has constituted a structural shift in the very concept of journalism, requiring journalists to adopt new skills, including managing digital platforms, analyzing data, working with publishing algorithms, and understanding the dynamics of social media, which now directly influence the news agenda and public opinion.
Mittelbau-Dura and the German War Industry (1943 – 1945)
The research examines the development of Mittelbau-Dora as a war industrial hub within the German shift in the period 1943–1945 towards protected underground manufacturing. It links the pressure of Allied air bombing with the decision to move sensitive production centers connected to the V-2 rocket program to a closed production environment. It also follows the formation of an administrative and technical system that combined the requirements of speed and secrecy with strict control procedures over the workforce. Then it analyzes the work of the Mittelwerk plant from the perspective of industrial organization, supply chains, quality problems, and assembly. It shows how management faced the challenges of raw materials and logistical bottlenecks as the war expanded in 1944. Then it observes the impact of the military deterioration in 1945 on production, distribution, evacuation, and disruption operations. It concludes that Mittelbau-Dora was not reduced to being just a production site, but represented a mechanism for embodying the intersection of technology with the decision to wage war.